Kelapa sawit menjadi salah satu komoditas hasil perkebunan yang mempunyai peran cukup penting dalam perekonomian Indonesia. Dan menjadi komoditas ekspor Indonesia sebagai penghasil devisa negara. Menurut Badan Pusat Statistik (2017) lima provinsi yang berkontribusi sebagai produsen kelapa sawit terbesar di Indonesia, yaitu Riau, Kalimantan Tengah, Sumatera Utara, Sumatera Selatan, dan Kalimantan Timur.
Riau mejadi salah satu provinsi dengan total produksi tertinggi sebesar 7,72 ton/ha. Dari total jumlah produksi kelapa sawit, tahukah kamu kamu pemanfaatan kelapa sawit tersebut? Minyak goreng, kosmetik, bahan bakar dan pengawet makanan. Pengawet makanan dari cangkang kepala sawit, terdengar aneh bukan? Tapi sangatlah berguna sobat.
Banyak industri kelapa sawit yang menghasilkan limbah tidak dimafaatkan dan menggangu lingkungan sekitar. Limbah kelapa sawit tandan kosong, batang, cangkang, dan pelepah yang menjadi sisa dari pengolahan industri kelapa sawit.
Namun cangkang kelapa sawit dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai pengawet makanan, menjadi produk olahan yang bernilai ekonomi. Melalui proses asap cair dari hasil pirolisis dengan senyawa fenol 4,13% karbonil 11,3%, dan asam 10,2%.
Senyawa ini bersifat antimikroba yang dapat dijadikan sebagai pengawet makanan. Pegunaan asap cair sebagai pengawet makanan memiliki beberapa keunggulan, antara lain: ramah lingkungan, mudah diaplikasikan, tidak memerlukan pengasapan, peralatan yang sederhana, serta mudah dibersihkan. Adapun fungsi-fungsi dan pengaruh dari senyawa dalam asap cair cangkang kelapa sawit:
Fenol
Dalam larutan fenol dengan konsentrasi 1% berfungsi sebagai bakteriostatik, sedangkan pada konsentrasi yang tinggi berperan sebagai bakterisidal. Pemanfaatan asap cair dengan kandungan mampu memberi rasa dan aroma makanan daging dan ikan pada makanan yang khas dengan sifatnya yang antimikrobia dan antioksidan. Kandungan lignin pada cangkang akan mempengaruhi tinggi rendahnya kadar fenol yang diperoleh. Faktor lainnya karena kurangnya termperatur yang optimal sehingga kandungan lignin tidak terurai sempurna.
Karbonil
Senyawa karbonil dalam asap cair kelapa sawit sebagai pewarna dan citarasa makanan daging dan ikan asapan. Karbonil mempunyai aroma seperti karamel yang unik dan terasa manis. Salah satu senyawa karbonil yang terdapat dalam asap cair adalah vanilin. Karbonil dihasilkan dari pirolisis selulosa yang mempengaruhi warna dan rasa makanan daging dan ikan. Adanya degradasi termal selulosa yang menghasilkan glukosa.
Asam
Senyawa asam pada asap cair mempunyai peran sebagai antibakteri serta membentuk citarasa pada makanan daging dan ikan asapan. Salah satu seyawa asam yang terdapat dalam asap cair adalah asam asetat. Kandungan selulosa pada cangkang akan mempengaruhi tinggi rendahnya kadar asam asetat yang diperoleh. Faktor lainnya karena suhu dan waktu (lamanya proses). Penggunaan asam asetat untuk makanan dalam jangka waktu panjang tidak akan membahayakan tubuh karena mampu dimetabolisir oleh tubuh dan dikeluarkan dari tubuh.
Asap cair cangkang kelapa sawit memiliki warna yang jernih, berbau khas, dan mudah menguap. Adapun suhu optimum untuk asap cair untuk pengaplikasian pada daging dan ikan, yaitu 350oC dengan kadar asam 5%, dan pH 3. Penambahan asap cair dengan konsenterasi 0,8% akan menghambat pertumbuhan mikroba. Masa simpan daging atau ikan akan bertahan hingga 18 jam pada suhu ruang. Proses pirolisasi, cangkang kelapa sawit sebanyak 5 kg dimasukkan kedalam tangki pirolisis. Pembakaran dilakuan selama 5 jam dengan suhu 350oC. Asap cair hasil dari kondensasi ditampung kemudian dilakukan proses redistilasi. Proses redistilasi, asap cair yang telah dihasilkan dalam proses pirolisis, kemudian didiamkan selama 1 bulan. Hal ini dilakukan untuk memisahkan tar dan fraksi berat.
sumber : https://www.kompasiana.com/melfrids_/5de4089c097f363d2a31d082/kreatif-inovatif-cangkang-kelapa-sawit-bukan-sampah-biasa?page=all
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